Orderly process of setting up and developing a community. It occurs over time and ends when a stable community is established in the area.
The Succession Steps
Let's take as an example a completely uninhabited region, like a bare rock. The set of conditions for plants and animals to survive or settle in this environment are very unfavorable:
- Direct lighting causes high temperatures;
- The absence of soil makes it difficult to fix vegetables;
- Rainwater does not settle and quickly evaporates.
Living beings able to settle in such an environment must be well adapted and undemanding. These are the lichens (association of cyanobacteria with fungi), which can survive only with water, light and a small amount of mineral salts. This characterizes the formation of a pioneer community or ecese. Lichens for being the first beings to settle are called "pioneer organisms." The metabolic activity of lichens is slowly changing the initial conditions of the region. Lichens produce organic acids that gradually erode the rock, forming through erosion the first layers of soil.
Layer upon layer of lichen, they form an organic carpet that enriches the soil, leaving it moist and rich in mineral salts. From then on the conditions, not so unfavorable, allow the appearance of small plants, such as bryophytes (mosses), that need a small amount of nutrients to develop and reach the reproduction stage. New and constant modifications follow one another allowing the appearance of larger plants such as ferns and shrubs. Also small animals like insects and mollusks begin to appear.
In this way, step after step, the pioneer community evolves, until the speed of the process begins to gradually decrease, reaching a point of equilibrium, in which the ecological succession reaches its maximum development compatible with the physical conditions of the place (soil, climate, etc.). .). This community is the final step in the succession process, known as the climax community. Each intermediate step between the pioneer community and the climax is called the sere.
The characteristics of a climax community
By observing the process of ecological succession we can identify a progressive increase in biodiversity and species and in total biomass. Food webs and food chains become increasingly complex and new niches are constantly forming. The stability of a climax community is largely associated with increased species variety and the complexity of eating relationships.
This is because having a complex and multidirectional food web makes it easier to circumvent the instability caused by the disappearance of a particular species. Simpler communities have fewer food choices and are therefore more unstable. It is easy to imagine this instability when we observe how an agricultural monoculture is susceptible to pest attack.
Although total biomass and biodiversity are higher in the climax community, we have some differences from primary productivity. Gross productivity (total organic matter produced) in climax communities is large and higher than in predecessor communities. However, net productivity is close to zero, since all organic matter that is produced is consumed by the community itself. This is why a climax community is stable, meaning it is no longer expanding. In pioneer communities and beings, there is a surplus of organic matter (Net Productivity) that is exactly used for the evolution of the ecological succession process.
Expected ecosystem trends throughout (primary) succession
| ECOSYSTEM ATTRIBUTES | UNDER DEVELOPMENT | CLIMAX |
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS | variable and unpredictable | constant or predictably variable |
POPULATIONS | ||
Population Size Determination Mechanisms | abiotic, density independent | biotic, density-dependent |
Individual Size | small | big |
Life cycle | short / simple | long / complex |
Growth | fast, high mortality |
|
Production | amount | quality |
Fluctuations | + pronounced | - pronounced |
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE | ||
Stratification (spatial heterogeneity) | few | lots of |
Species diversity (richness) | low | high |
Species diversity (equitativity) | low | high |
Biochemical Diversity | low | high |
Total organic matter | few | lots of |
COMMUNITY ENERGY | ||
PPB / R | >1 | = 1 |
PPB / B | high | low |
PPL | high | low |
Food chain | linear (simple) | networked (complex) |
NUTRIENTS | ||
Minerals cycle | Open | closed |
Inorganic Nutrients | extrabiotics | intrabiotic |
Nutrient exchange between organisms and environment | quick | slow |
Role of debris in nutrient regeneration | not important | important |
POSSIBILITY OF EXPLORATION BY MAN | ||
Potential production | high | low |
Ability to resist exploitation | big | small |
